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What is Rabies ? |
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RABIES
- also called hydrophobia - the fear of water, or lyssa acute, is a usually fatal, viral infectious disease of the central nervous
system. The disease is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals; all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies infection. The virus, a
rhabdo-virus, is often present in the salivary glands of rabid animals and is excreted in the saliva; thus, the bite of the infected animal introduces the virus into a fresh wound. Under
favorable conditions, the virus propagates along nerve tissue from the wound to the brain and becomes established in the central nervous system. The disease develops most often between four and six weeks after infection, but the incubation period may
vary from 10 days to eight months.
Rabies often begins with excitation of the central nervous system expressed as irritability and
viciousness and a heightened courage level. A rabid animal is most dangerous during the early stages of the disease because it appears to be healthy and may seem friendly but will bite at the slightest provocation. Wild animals that appear to be tame and that approach people or human habitations in the daytime should be suspected of having rabies.
Infected dogs usually show a
sudden change in personality with a short excitation phase that is characterized by restlessness, nervousness, irritability, and viciousness and is followed by depression and paralysis. Sudden death without recognizable signs of illness is common. Dogs that develop the predominantly excited type of rabies invariably die of the infection, usually within
three to five days after the onset of symptoms. Those that develop the paralytic type of rabies without any evidence of excitation or viciousness may recover on rare occasions. Paralysis of the
voice-muscles in rabid dogs may produce
a characteristic change in the sound of the bark. |
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Rabies in humans is similar to that in animals. Symptoms include depression, headache, nausea, seizures, anorexia, muscle stiffness, and increased production of
saliva that brings a foaming of the mouth. Abnormal sensations, such as itching, around the site of exposure are a common early symptom. Repeated episodes of painful contraction of the muscles of the throat may occur upon attempting to swallow or may be elicited by the sight
of water.
This reaction to water is called hydrophobia
- the fear of water. Rabies in humans is almost always fatal. Death ordinarily occurs within three to five days after the onset of symptoms due to cardiac or respiratory failure. Sometimes rabies is characterized by paralysis without any evidence
of excitation of the nervous system. In such cases the course of the disease may be prolonged to a week or more.
If administered soon after infection, serum or vaccine can
be effective in combating the disease. This is a type of passive immunization whereby animals are immunized with attenuated rabies virus, and antibodies from these animals are injected into infected persons to give them temporary immunity to rabies. The treatment is effective if given within 24 hours after exposure but has little, if any, value if given three or more days after infection by rabies. Immediate treatment of animal-bite wounds by cleansing with soap and water is extremely important because much,
if not all, of the virus can be thus removed.
Vaccines prepared from rabies virus can be used to protect people who are likely to be in contact with infected animals. The safest and most effective vaccines are human
diploid-cell vaccine - HDCV, purified chick embryo cell culture - PCEC, and rabies vaccine adsorbed
- RVA. When a person not protected by previous immunization is bitten by
a rabid animal, treatment is a dose of serum followed by a series of vaccinations. With the older vaccines, at least 16 injections were required, whereas with HDCV, PCEC, or
RVA, five are usually sufficient.
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ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT RABIES |
What
is Rabies?
Rabies,
The Rage or Hydrophobia - a fear of water, is generally known as the disease that makes
canines sick and frenzied. Foxes and Bats are the two commonest
animals who get Rabies and carry Rabies, accordingly many dogs in many northern European countries,
where it is prevalent are vaccinated against it. However, it can affect all
warm-blooded creatures, including us.
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Rabies is caused by a virus,
the lyssa
virus or the Rhabdo-virus,
and it is one of the few in
that particular group, which can cause disease in humans.
Among other things, it attacks the
central nervous system. But is also present in the animal's saliva,
which is, ironically the agent that spreads the infection, because
when an animal gets sick with this, for no reason it may start to bite.
We are mostly often infected by the bite of a dog, bat
or monkey.
Rabies is one of those diseases born of legend, and almost
instinctively feared because by the time the symptoms appear,
the disease can no longer be cured and almost always ends
in an agonizing death. Happily, Rabies can be prevented with a vaccine
and even
if you have been bitten, there is every chance that you
can be treated before the symptoms develop. But if you
have been bitten by a Rabid animal and you do not act immediately, you
will most probably die.
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The virus hides from the immune system, and is not always recognized
as a antigen, as a consequence, no real immune response will develop,
so the body does not always combats it. After a bite that
breaks the skin, saliva carrying the infection enters the body and the
virus travels along the neural pathways into the Central Nervous
System - CNS. It soon replicates and disperses into the brain. The brain becomes inflamed and many
functions of the CNS are affected.
Generally
the incubation period is between three
weeks and three months, the time that can pass between the
infection point, and the
onset of symptoms. However, instances of incubation
periods lasting years, is not extraordinary.
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If you get rabies and do not manage to be treated in time,
the disease evolves in three stages:
The
Prodomal Phase
- the lead up over a period of 2 -3 days. The
patient may have a fever, vomiting and loss of appetite,
headache and pain at the site of the original bite.
The autonomic nervous system is affected. This manifests
itself as copious salivation and sadness.
The
Anger Stage.
The patient will appear restless and irritable and display
signs of aggression. You may appear disorientated and
may develop seizures. This stage lasts for about 2 - 4
days.
The
Neurological Stage
or
Paralytic Stage.
At this stage paralysis develops, usually beginning in the
body part that was bitten. You may also suffer from paralysis
in the throat and face, making swallowing difficult.
increasingly uncontrolled movement,
confusion and delirium.
The person affected becomes terrified of water and becomes anxious
and hyperactive. This stage lasts 2 - 4 days.
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Rabies is
the classic Zoonosis. Zoonosis is a disease or infection that is
caught directly from another animal. Bats are a main source of infection in countries where
domestic animals are vaccinated and the fox population
must be forcefully controlled.
Rabies is
common in Asia, especially in India, where up to 50,000 die each year.
Some parts of America and Africa, have it.
Greenland and many countries in Europe have rabies in
their animal populations. Although most of Scandinavia, as well as
Japan, Australia and New Zealand are practically
Rabies-Free. This is upheld by having strict regulations on importing
animals. The British Isles is also mostly Rabies-free, but the recent
ban on fox-hunting may change this; the Englishman's perception of the
cuddly fox may soon change. Britain has it own problems in keeping out
illegal immigrants and illegal asylum-seekers,
that enter the country by the hundreds weekly, a small percentage of
these people will carry Rabies and other erroneous diseases.
In
any event if you get bitten or scratched by an animal or person for
that matter that seems to have the symptoms or not, go straight to
your nearest Emergency Room or Casualty.
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Bacteria
- A diverse group of ubiquitous microorganisms all of which consist of only a single
cell that lacks a distinct nuclear membrane and has a cell wall of a unique composition. Bacteria are usually classified by means of
Gram’s stain, whether or not they require oxygen - see aerobic respiration;
anaerobic respiration, and on the basis of shape. A bacterial cell may be spherical
- see
coccus, rodlike - see bacillus, spiral - see spirillum, comma-shaped
- see
vibrio, corkscrew-shaped - see spirochaete, or filamentous, resembling a fungal cell.
The majority of bacteria range in size from
0.0001 –
0.0005
mm. Many are motile - self-propelled motion, under appropriate
circumstances, using their flagella to swim. They also possess an outer slimy
capsule, and produce resistant spores - endospores. In general bacteria reproduce only asexually, by simple division of cells, but a few groups undergo a form of sexual reproduction
- conjugation. Bacteria are largely responsible for decay and decomposition of organic matter, producing a cycling of such chemicals as carbon (see
carbon cycle), oxygen, nitrogen (see nitrogen cycle), and sulphur. A few bacteria obtain their food by means of
photosynthesis (including the blue-green algae, now regarded as bacteria), some are saprophytes, and others are parasites, causing disease. The symptoms of bacterial infections are produced by
toxins.
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Virus
- A microorganism that can reproduce only in living cells. Viruses consist of a core of either
DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat - the capsule, and, in some types, an enclosing envelope. After entering a host cell the viral DNA
or RNA, which contains its genes, directs the host cell to assemble numbers of identical viruses. When these are liberated, they may damage or kill the host cell. Viruses are responsible for many diseases in plants and animals.
Virus
-
A particle that is too small to be seen with a light microscope or to be trapped by filters but is capable of independent metabolism and reproduction within a living cell. Outside its host cell a virus is completely inert. A mature virus
- a virion, ranges in size from 20 to 400 nm in diameter. It consists of a core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
- the capsid. Some bear an outer envelope - enveloped viruses. Inside its host cell the virus initiates the synthesis of viral proteins and undergoes replication. The new virions are released when the host cell disintegrates. Viruses are parasites of animals, plants, and some bacteria. Viral diseases of animals include the common cold, influenza, smallpox, AIDS, herpes, hepatitis, polio, and rabies
- see adenovirus; arbovirus; herpesvirus; HIV; myxovirus; papovavirus;
picornavirus; poxvirus. Some viruses are also implicated in the development of cancer
- see retrovirus. Plant viral diseases include various forms of yellowing and blistering of leaves and stems
- see tobacco mosaic virus. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral diseases but
vaccines, if available, provide good protection.
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Bacteria can do this to your
mouth |
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![The June Bug - Cotinus Nitida - Linnaeus - Really a Flying Beetle - " I'm coming to get you!! " - Cotinus Nitida - The June Bug, also called May Beetle, or July Bug - Any insect of the genus Phyllophaga, belonging to the widely distributed, plant-feeding subfamily Melolonthinae - family Scarabaeidae, order Coleoptera. These red-brown / green or even orange beetles commonly appear in the Northern Hemisphere during warm spring evenings and are attracted to lights. The heavy-bodied June beetles vary from 12 to 25 mm - 0.5 to 1 inch, and have shiny wing covers (elytra). They feed on foliage and flowers at night, sometimes causing considerable damage. June beetle larvae, called white grubs, are about 25 mm long and live in the soil. They can destroy crops, like, corn [maize], small grains, potatoes, strawberries, and they can kill lawns and pastures by severing the grasses from the roots.](http://www.thesahara.info/end_page/june_bug_head.jpg) |
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